More on Arabic preposition

                                                              بِسمِ اللهِ الرَّحمانِ الرَّحِيم

الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على نبينا محمد وآله وصحبه

الدرس التاسع

As-salam-alai-kum,  In previous chapter we studied about the prepositions. Insh`sha-allah in this chapter you’ll learn something more on prepositions.

When we meet someone we say  اَلسَّلامُ عَلَيْكُمْ.

What it literally means is “peace be upon you ALL”.  i.e we are referring to many people.  If we have only one person we should actually say  اَلسَّلامُ عَلَيْكَ, if its male  (singular masculine)

what is happening is here that we are joining arabic preposition (على ) with the arabic joined pronoun (كُمْ ).  which makes it عَلَيْكُمْ.Thats why say. صلی اللہُ علیهِ وسلّم.  i.e peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.

The joined pronoun used in علیهِ is (hu- هُ ) but when preposition is applied it becomes (hi-هِ  )  

As we studied in previous chapter the sign changes when applied with “huruf-al-jarr”.

But this rule apply only to (ha- هُ ) of joined pronouns. The other letters remain the same. ex. عَلَيْكَ

We can apply any preposition to any joined pronoun. We have studied around 11 prepositions and there are 14 joined pronoun options.  So you know already 11*14 = 154 new words.  Allahu-akbar.  Thats the beauty of Arabic.  So lets iterate over them one by one to recognise them.

1.

على with joined pronouns.

read it this way.  a`lahi. a`laihima, a`laihim…...a`laiha, a`laihima, a`lahinna, ….. a`laika, a`laikuma, a`laikum …… a`laiki, a`laikuma, a`laikunna…….. a`laiyya, a`laina

عليهِم(on them)	(on both of them)  عليهِما	عليهِ  (on him)
عليهِنّ(on them)	عليهِما(on both of them)	عليها(on her)
عليكُم  (on all of you)	عليكُما (on both of you)	عليكَ  (on you)
عليكُنّ  (on all of you)	عليكُما (on both of you)	عليكِ  (on you)
علينا  (on us)		عليّ  (on me)

2.

بِ with joined pronouns.

read it like this .   bihi, bihima, bihim …… biha, bihima, bihina…… bika,bikuma, bikum….. biki, bikuma, bikuna…. bee,  bina.

بهِم  (with them)	بهِما (with both of them)	بِهِ  (with him)
بهِنّ  (with them)	بهِما  (with both of them)	بها  (with her)
بِكُمْ  (with you all)	بِكُما  (with both of you)	بِكَ  (with you)
بِكُنّ  (with you all)	بِكُما  (with both of you)	بكِ (with you)
بنا  (with us)		بي  (with me)

The usage of [بِ with joined pronouns] : اللهُمَّ إني أعوذُ بِكَ  مِن الشيطان

Try the same table for following propositions (huruf-al-jarr):

3.  في + هُ = فِيهِ (in him)

4. الى + هُ = اليهِ (to words him )

The usage of Ilaihi :  أستغفر الله العظيم وأتوب اليهِ.

another place is :  إِنَّا لِلّهِ وَإِنَّـا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعونَ

Exceptions in huruf-al-jarr + joined pronoun:

The effect of huruf-al-jarr does not apply to the following:

لِ + هُ = لهُ  (for him)

as used in (2:255)    لَّهُ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ.

مِن + هُ = مِنهُ  (from him)

عن + هُ = عنهُ  (about him / from him)

 as used in after mentioning name of الصحابة‎  (male) we should say :  رضي الله عنهُ.  and after name of الصحابة‎  (f) we should say : رضي الله عنها.

5. Expanding one of the above. rest you can try to expand.

مِنهُم  (from them )	مِنهُما (from both of them )	مِنهُ    (from him )
مِنهُنّ  (from them )	مِنهُما  (from both of them )	مِنها  (from her )
مِنكُم  (from all of you )	مِنكُما (from both of you )	مِنكَ  (from you )
مِنكُنّ (from all of you )	مِنكُما  (from both of you )	مِنكِ  (from you )
مِنّا  (from us )		مِني  (from me )

Have you noticed one amazing thing in arabic ? from these preposition and joined pronouns combination, you can actually get many english words. simple مِنكُما means “from both of you” i.e 4 separate words in english.  The same applies to most grammar in arabic. Allahu-akbar.

Exercise : Try to spot “huruf-al-jarr” from below Darood. (blessings to beloved prophet Mohammad).

اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَى آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا صَلَّيْتَ عَلَى إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَعَلَى آلِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ .إِنَّكَ حَمِيدٌ مَجِيدٌ اللَّهُمَّ بَارِكْ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ، وَعَلَى آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا بَارَكْتَ عَلَى إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَعَلَى آلِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ .إِنَّكَ حَمِيدٌ مَجِيدٌ

Translation:

“O Allah, let Your Blessings come upon Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, as you have blessed Ibrahim and his family. Truly, You are Praiseworthy and Glorious. Allah, bless Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, as you have blessed Ibrahim and his family. Truly,You are Praiseworthy and Glorious”.

The famous companion of the Prophet (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam), Hadrat Ka’ab bin Ujrah (radiAllahu anhu), narrates that once it was enquired from Sayyiduna Rasoolullah (sallal laahu alaihiwasallam) as to how blessings should be sent to him. The Prophet (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam)replied that the blessings be said in the manner (it has been mentioned) above, that is, Durood-e-Ibrahimi.

When مَا (what) is added to any preposition it gives special meaning. as we have seen in the darood above كَمَا formed with كَ + مَا, which means “just as”  memorising the below table. Will be useful in understanding quran.

with what, because	بِما	بِ
about what	عمّا	عَن
in what	فِيما	في
just as	كما	كَ
for what / why	لِما	لِ
(lamma) past tense - “when” present tense - “not yet”	لَمّا	لَ
out of what / from what/ from which.	مِمّا	مِن

About إِنّ :

As studied in this chapters in few examples. the word إِنّ  inna can be joined with joined pronoun. the below table has those combinations.

read it like this: innahu,  innhuma, innahum…...innaha,innahuma, innahunna,  ……….innaka, innakuma, innakum, …...innaki, innakuma, innakum, ……. inni ...inna

إِنّهُم  (  verily they)	إِنّهما  (  verily both of them)	إِنّهُ   (  verily he)
إِنّهُنّ  (  verily they)	إِنّهما (  verily both of them)	إِنّها  (  verily she)
إِنّكُم  (  verily you all)	إِنّكما  (  verily you both)	إِنّكَ   (  verily you)
إِنّكُنّ  (  verily you all)	إِنّكما  (  verily you both)	إِنّكِ  (  verily you)
إِنّا  (  verily we)		إِنّي  (  verily i)

as used in the below examples:

إِنَّكَ حَمِيدٌ مَجِيدٌ 1.

2. إِنَّا لِلّهِ وَإِنَّـا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعونَ .

Summary:

1. we have studied some more applications of arabic prepostions.
2. “huruf-al-jarr” +  joined pronouns.
3. “huruf-al-jarr” + مَا.
4. “إِنَّا” + joined pronouns.

الحَمْدُ لِلهِ we have fished the first milestone of arabic. There were lot many thing which i have skipped to avoid confusion and boredom. Insha-allah we will study them later.

Are  ready to apply your knowledge in understanding Quran ?  Here is the link where you can practice examples from quran and try to translate it.  This will help improve your arabic understanding.  either go to page arabic -> english (a->e)  where you will be provided with sample text in arabic. and guess its translation. click (+) to see its answer.  Or go to page english -> arabic (e->a) where you will be provided with sample text in english. click (+) to see its answer.  “Take test” page is to provide a small test from that sample.  

Try it  - here !!